| 1. Actuation (Movement) | The ability to move, perform a task, or manipulate objects in the physical world. This is achieved through actuators (motors, pistons, servos). | Allows the robot to interact with its environment, which is the primary purpose of robotics. This includes locomotion (wheels/legs) or manipulation (arms/grippers). |
| 2. Sensing & Perception | The ability to gather information about the environment. This is accomplished using sensors (cameras, $\text{LiDAR}$, encoders, touch sensors, microphones). | Provides feedback and context to the control system, allowing the robot to navigate, recognize objects, and operate safely. |
| 3. Power Source | A system that supplies the necessary energy for all components (actuators, sensors, and the controller) to function. | Ensures the robot has the energy to operate for a required duration, whether it's battery power, tethered electrical power, or pneumatic/hydraulic pressure. |
| 4. Control System / Brain | The central processing unit ($\text{CPU}$ or microcontroller) that receives sensor data, executes the programming, and sends commands to the actuators. | The intelligence that processes input, makes decisions, and issues commands to execute tasks. This is where the robot's pre-programmed behavior resides. |
| 5. Interface & Communication | The means by which the robot can be programmed, monitored, and instructed. This can be a physical $\text{HMI}$ (Human-Machine Interface), a remote $\text{API}$, or wireless communication. | Allows for human intervention, status checks, reprogramming, and integration with other systems in a larger automated ecosystem. |
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